1 This section, which presents a summary of the Egyptian parliament’s legislative performance throughout the sixth and seventh legislative phases, adopts as its source the analytical reports prepared by the General Secretariat of the Egyptian parliament about the activity and achievements f the parliament in the successive assemblies in these two phases.

2 The constitutional court had issued a verdict to amend the indicated paragraph. The draft law received extensive discussion due to its relation with the housing issue, which concerns wide sectors of the masses.

3 The report on this assembly’s achievement pointed out the re-discussion of some Articles in a number of draft laws, as was the case with the draft law on amending some of the provisions of military colleges’ by-laws. Another example is the re-consideration regarding some Articles in a number of other laws and in determination to return draft laws to the specialized committee to verify the compatibility of their provisions with constitutional and legal texts, as was the case with the draft law on amending some of the provisions of Law no. 147 of 1984 by imposing a development fee on the government’s fiscal resources. See the details in the “Analytical report on the activity and achievements of the parliament in the second regular assembly, the seventh legislative phase, the General Secretariat of the Egyptian parliament, 1997, pp. 16, 17.

4 See previous reference, pp. 12, 13.

5 See the details in the “Analytical report on the activity and achievements of the parliament in the third regular assembly, the seventh legislative phase, the General Secretariat of the Egyptian parliament, 1998, pp. 3, 6, 7, 8.

6 See the details in the “Analytical report on the activity and achievements of the parliament in the fourth regular assembly, the seventh legislative phase, the General Secretariat of the Egyptian parliament, 1999, pp. 63-75.

7 It must be noted that the parliament had agreed—during its discussion of the draft law article-by-article to eliminate Article 26 on regulating the issues of the travel of the wife and children who are minors based on the government’s request and in response to the views proposed by members. Members called for—regarding the enforcement of the draft law following its promulgation—activating its implementation through offering legal services and technical aid to those sued in personal status cases without compensation, increasing then umber of judges, founding special departments, etc. The fact is that there were wide reactions to this law. See for instance the interviews conducted by As-Safir newspaper on the topic in 30/1/1999. Also see a view of one of the errors into which the law stumbled, and this was cancellation of the Article addressing the status of the husband escaping from paying expenses and from the punishment to which he would have been subjected, the suffering of divorced wives due to that cancellation. F. Salah Muntasser, An Error that Must Immediately Be Corrected, Pillar of Only An Opinion, Al-Ahram, 9/5/2000, p. 11).

8 The Minister of Justice, in his response to this point, asserted that the proposed draft law did not introduce any essential amendment into the definition of the worker and farmer, which had been a professional and social definition. As for the definition stated in the proposed draft law, it adopts the candidate’s definition of himself according to his capacity at the time of candidacy. See also a viewpoint on this subject, Dr. Leila Takla, A State of Anchronism, Who is the Worker and Farmer?, Al-Ahram, 9/5/2000, p. 28.

9 The three members who refrained from voting were allowed to express their reasons for doing so. These reasons were the ones previously mentioned by other members that were not limited to being opposition members but included National Party members. See an analysis of this phenomenon in Dr. Ali As-Sawi, The Phenomenon of Refrain from Voting in Majlis Ash-Shaab, in: parliamentary issues, the second year, volume 20, November 1998, p. 41. See also what has been written on the draft laws submitted by the opposition on the practice of political rights in “Should the Government Adopt the Opposition’s Draft Law” in Al-Ahali, volume 961 of 16/2/2000. Also in: Consultant Saeed Al-Jamal. What Does Political Reform Mean?” in Wafd newspaper, weekly edition, 30/2/2000, p.7.

10 See Articles of the constitution No. 9, 10, 112, 156

11 See the Arab Strategic Report 1994, Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, Alexandria 1995, pp. 402, 403. One source indicated that even though the constitution did not detract from the Egyptian parliament’s rights and true legislative jurisdictions in a way opposed in terms of form to what is adhered to in the world’s oldest parliamentary democracies, yet the environment of the Egyptian political system tends to tip the balance between the legislative and executive power to the interest of the latter. See Abdallah Saleh, The Performance of the Egyptian parliament and Advisory Council in the 98/99 Assembly, previous reference, p.9.

12 See the detailed opinion of Mr. Yassine on this topic in: Parliament Members: Between Supervision, Legislation, and Voters’ Demands and the investigation of Zeinab Ibrahim in: Al-Ahram Al-Iktissadi (Economic), 30/1/1998, p. 28.

13 See: Dr. Amani Qandeel, The Process of Democratic Transformation in Egypt (1981-1993), A series of studies on civic society and democratic transformation in the Arab nation, Introduction by Dr. Saad Addine Ibrahim, publication of Ibn Khaldun Center, in participation with Dar Al-Ameen for publishing and distribution, p. 68. See also the Arab Strategic Report 1996, previous reference, p. 285.

14 Mohamed Radwan, Draft law proposal, the Democracy Development Group, Parliament Observatory Program, Parliament’s Member’s Guide to the Parliament, 1, published by the Democracy Development Group, 1996, p. 3.

15 Mohamed Abu Reida, Draft law proposal: Between Theory and Practice in Parliamentary Issues, First Year, volume 7, October 1997, pp. 16-17.

16 Previous reference, pp. 19, 20. Another study has confirmed most of the facts on which the previous study was based and added to it a list of the most prominent draft law proposals and draft laws submitted by members since the beginning of the seventh legislative phase (November 1995 until October 1999) and the survey results of a study on a number of parliament members regarding who has legal precedence in proposing draft laws. See Rida Mohamed Hilal, Law Proposals: The Reality and Obstacles in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 3 October 1999, pp. 40-42.

17 See the detailed response of the Egyptian parliament in: On the Egyptian Parliament’s Performance in the Regular Third Assembly of the Seventh Legislative Phase, Center for Parliamentary Studies, General Secretariat of the Egyptian Parliament, 29 January 1999. It must be noted that the Center for Political Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram published a commentary on the response of the Egyptian parliament in which its concern for improving the parliamentary performance of the Egyptian parliament and its appreciation for the experience and effort of Dr. Ahmad Fathi Srour. See Dr. Wahid Abdul Majid, Al-Ahram 12/2/1999. It addressed some of the phenomena that emerged in the regular third assembly (the previous one) of the Egyptian parliament. Among these was a positive phenomenon consisting in that the government had opposed its own annual habit of proposing its draft laws to complete them close to the parliament’s activities. This is a positive decision since it had led to the phenomenon of “law-boiling”; that is, approving draft laws without sufficient study. See Dr. Mohamed Saad Abu Amoud, New Phenomena in the Last Parliamentary Assembly of the Egyptian Parliament in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 28, July 1999, p. 64.

18 See Dr. Ali As-Sawi and Ali Moussa, “The Parliament’s Role in Economic Reform” in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 36, March 2000, p. 16. See also Abdallah Saleh, The Performance of the Egyptian Parliament and Advisory Council in the 98/99 Assembly in Parliamentary Studies, volume 28, July 1999, pp. 9, 10.

19 This phenomenon has prompted former Speaker of Egyptian Parliament Dr. Rifaat Al-Mahjoub to promise—after coming into office—that the parliament would cease being turned into merely a legislative mechanism. See details of the legislative surplus or overflow in: Ahmad Abd Al-Hafeez, “Legislative Explosion: The Limits of the Phenomenon” in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 31, October 1999, pp. 6-13.

20 It may be noted that the commerce code was referred after being approved to the higher constitutional court to conclude the question of the constitutionality of the provisions of cheques, which raised fears on whether the parliament had hastened and promulgated a law whose constitutionality is contested. Dr. Fathi Srour responded to these questions by clarifying that referring the case to the Higher Constitutionality Court aimed at concluding the disagreement within Cassation Court’s departments on the provisions of cheques in the new commerce code. See details in Al-Ahram 21/7/1999.

21 Those opposed to the law argued that it imposes restrictions on the civic society, violates constitutional guarantees, deprives organizations from the power to set their own by-laws, and grants the executive power the right to dismiss organizations for unspecified reasons. Meanwhile, the Minister of Justice asserted that the law was a response to the necessity of changing the existing law of organizations which is over 35 years old and to the necessity of remaining in step with local, regional, and international developments and of giving private organizations wider encouragement in the context of the government’s orientation towards modernizing economy and toward privatization and market economy. See the debate on the law of organizations in Al-Ahram 26/5/1999, Al-Ahram 27/5/1999, Al-Hayat 27/5/1999, Al-Hayat 18/5/1999. See also Dr. Hassan Abu Taleb, A Reading of the Law of Organizations and Institutions in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volme 28, July 1999, pp. 54-62.

22 The government proposed arguments that center on the importance of this law in attracting Arab and foreign investments and that the continuity of the Egyptian civic airline’s power depends on such investments. On the other side, the opposition feared the negative effects of founding these airports on Egyptian national security, feared the length of the franchise period, and demanded shortening it with regard to Egyptians See the debate on this topic in Al-Ahram 21/1/1997. See also viewpoints on the law of the landlord-tenant relationship in As-Safir 20/6/1992 and 26/6/1992.

23 The draft law on privatizing national banks generated much heated discussion between two groups. The first group viewed in it an opportunity to provide banks with more effectiveness in supporting investment activities geared at development. The second group feared foreign control over these banks. See the discussion in Al-Ahram 9/6/1998. The fact is that this debate has not ceased since the beginning of the 1990’s with the increased trend toward privatization and adopting market mechanisms. For an example of this debate, see As-Safir 13/6/1991. See also the Strategic Report 1994, Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, 1994, pp. 374, 375.

24 The Arab Strategic Report, 1993, Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, Alexandria, 1994, p. 353.

25 The Arab Strategic Report, 1995, Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, Alexandria, 1996, pp. 368, 392.

26 See the details on this law and the stances of the different sides, the consequences, and the governmental efforts to solve the problems raised by its enforcement in the Strategic Report 1997 Al-Ahram, Alexandria 1998, pp. 284-295.

27 A study conducted a reading of the relevant committees’ role regarding the most important 19 laws promulgated by the Egyptian parliament during the regular third assembly of the seventh legislative phase. These laws are mainly of an economic nature and were selected as a study case. The study concluded that the committee had approved 12 draft laws and made important but not fundamental amendments to the remaining seven draft laws. Despite reservations on publicizing the results of this study, it must be placed into consideration. See Dr. Ahmad Manissa, The Mechanism of Parliamentary Committees: Models from the Third Assembly (97/98) in Parliamentary Issues, volume 218, September 1998, p. 33.

28 See details of the proposal for amending the by-laws in: Abdul Jawad Ali, Parliamentary Reform, Al-Ahram Al-Iktissadi 15/12/1999, p. 25. See also Amro Hashem Rabih, “The By-Laws of the Egyptian Parliament: Between Amendment and Activation” in Parliamentary Issues, First Year, volume 1, April 1997, pp. 35-37.

29 See the analysis of the dimensions of the members’ absence dilemma and how it was addressed by the by-laws that succeeded each other in Egyptian parliamentary life in: Amro Hashem Rabih, The Egyptian Parliament’s Performance and the Members’ Absence Phenomenon” in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 33, February 1999, p. 18.

30 See in this context for example: The analysis of businessmen’s performance specially: Amro Hashem Rabih, The Performance of Businessmen in the Egyptian Parliament: A Critical View in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 32, November 1999. See also: The Legislative Performance of the Political Forces Represented in the Egyptian Parliament in the Regular Fourth Assembly of the Seventh Legislative Phase (98/99) in Parliamentary Issues, Third Year, volume 28, July 1999, p. 8-44.

31 The Arab Strategic Report 1994, previous reference, pp. 263-264.

32 The Arab Strategic Report 1996, previous reference, p. 236.

33 Hanaa Soufy Abdul Hayy, The Political and Constitutional System in Lebanon, Beirut: World Book Corporation), 1994, pp. 166-168.

34 Previous reference, p. 170.

35 The Arab Strategic Report 1996, previous reference, p. 240.

36 The Arab Strategic Report 1996, previous reference, pp. 239.

37 Abu Bakr Ad-Dassouki, The Consequences of the New Electoral Law in Lebanon, Parliamentary Issues, volume 36, March 2000, p. 25.

38 Previous reference, pp. 26-27.

39 Previous reference, p. 28. Thus, we find former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and Druze leader Walid Junblat were among those who expressed the severest opposition to the law due to their perception of it as threatening to their leadership. Ad-Doustour (Constitution) newspaper, published by the Kuwaiti parliament, features an analysis of the new electoral law through which it reached a series of goals which were the focus of those who arranged the electoral constituencies. These goals are: preserving Damascus’s strategic allies and not exposing the existing political equation to any violations from any un-trusted substitute groups, preserving the main Shiite group through the continued alliance between Hezbollah and Amal Partyin all regions and as well Mr. Hassan Al-Husseini, supporting the continued status of the Kutlat Al-Wafaa (meaning Loyalty Group) as a main political group whether resistance continued or an agreement was reached, and also focusing on the National Syrian Social Party as a party that plays the role of the Second Republic Party in the parliament, restoring the balance between Sunni forces after former Prime Minister Hariri almost absorbed the groups of the main sect in Beirut, Sidon, Tripoli, Bekaa, and Akkar (for additional details, refer to volume 123, 5 January 2000).

40 Abdou Baaklini and Others, Legislative Politics in the Arab World, (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999), pp. 95-96.

41 The Arab Strategic Report 1996, previous reference, p. 236.

42 Ahmad Zein, The Parliament By-Laws, (Lebanon: the Parliament, the General Directorate for Studies and Research, 1995), pp. 529-530.

43 The Arab Strategic Report 1992, previous reference, p. 244.

44 Abdou Baaklini, op. cit., pp. 100-101.

45 Ibid. p. 102.

46 Fares Sassine, The Parliament 92-96: The Vision and the Matter, the Lebanese 1996 Elections (A Joint Work), (Beirut: Lebanese Center for Studies, 1998), p. 312.

47 Abdou Baaklini, op. cit., p. 103.

48 Ahmad Zein, “A Tug-of-War between the Two Powers Over Privileges”, the Lebanese As-Safir newspaper, 3/11/1992.

49 Ahmad Zein, “Legislation in the 18th Session”, Parliamentary Life, volume 21, pp. 13-17.

50 Fares Sassine, previous reference, p. 320 and 103 op. cit., Abdou Baaklini.

51 Ahmad Zein, previous reference, p. 16.

52 The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1993, (Alexandria: The Arab Organization for Human Rights, 1994), p. 216.

53 The Lebanese As-Safir newspaper, 1/12/1992.

54 Fares Sassine, previous reference, p. 313.

55 The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1994, (Alexandria: The Arab Organization for Human Rights, 1995), pp. 216-217.

56 The Arab Strategic Report 1994, previous reference, p. 265.

57 The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1994, previous reference, p. 215.

58 Previous reference, p. 216.

59 Ayman As-Sayed Abdul Wahhab, “Lebanon and the Post-Renewal Agenda”, International Politics, volume 123, January 1996, pp. 227-228.

60 The Lebanese An-Nahar newspaper, 5/6/1996.

61 Fares Sassine, previous reference, pp. 315-316.

62 The Lebanese An-Nahar newspaper, 5/6/1996.

63 The Arab Strategic Report 1994, previous reference, pp. 247-248.

64 Abdou Baaklini, op. cit., p. 106.

65 The Parliament at Half Its Term, Parliamentary Life (Lebanon), volume 28, September 1998, pp. 20-21.

66 Previous reference, p. 21.

67 Parliamentary Life, volume 26, March 1998.

68 The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1998, (Alexandria: The Arab Organization for Human Rights, 1999), p.143. .

69 Middle East, 20/3/1999.

70 Middle East, 19/3/1999.

71 Previous reference.

72 Al-Hayat, 22 March 1999.

73 Middle East, 14/10/1999, Al-Hayat, 14/10/1999.

74 Abdullah Khalifah Ash-Shayiji, Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies magazine, 24th year, April/May/June 1999, p. 21.

75 See The Arab Strategic Report 1994, Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, Alexandria, 1995.

76 Dr. Salwa Shaarawi Jumaa, The Parliamentary Experience in Kuwait: A Study of the Internal Factors” in Democratic Changes in the Arab Nation, Works of the Third Egyptian-French Seminar, Alexandria 29 September, October 1990, edited by Nivine Abdul Monhem Saad, p. 164.

77 The texts of Article 106, 107 of the Kuwaiti constitution.

78 Though some argue that the constitution was not antagonistic to parties and cite Article 45 of the constitution, which stipulated organized bodies to address government authorities, and the explanatory memorandum of the constitution which makes the prince’s consultation of the presidents of political groups obligatory prior to assigning the Prime Minister. See the details in: Mohammed Bashir Saffar, “The Legislative Institution in Kuwait” in Dr. Ahmad Al-Rashidi (editor) The Legislative Institution in the Arab World, previous reference, p. 358.

79 Previous reference, p. 259.

80 Abdullah Khalifah Ah-Shayiji, previous reference, p. 29.

81 See the texts of Articles 65, 109 of the Kuwaiti constitution.

82 See the text of Article 71 of the constitution.

83 See the text of Article 174 of the constitution.

84 Mohamed Bashir Saffar, previous reference, p. 351.

85 See the details on the circumstances and conflicts of founding the transitional council in Kuwait in: Human Rights in the Arab Nation, Alexandria, 1991, p. 27, and pp. 191-193. See also Dr. Abdullah Khalifah Ah-Shayiji, The Elections of the Seventh Kuwaiti Parliament, October 1992, Analysis and Results, Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies magazine, volume 72. January 1994, p. 22.

86 The Kuwaiti opposition had issued a report on 31/3/1991titled “A Futuristic Vision for Building Kuwait” that expressed the viewpoint of the Kuwaiti opposition groups in all their strata. The report’s demands were the following: Putting an end to constitutional violations, ending the opposition’s suspension of the constitution’s Articles and the return of political and media liberties, (2) declaring a date for the upcoming parliamentary elections, (3) holding accountable the officials responsible for the disaster and not absolving them from their duties before the people and holding them accountable for their roles prior to the disaster and after it struck through country. See the details in Dr. Abdullah Khalifah Ash-Shayiji, The Elections of the Seventh Kuwaiti Parliament, October 1992, previous reference. See also The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1992, pp. 216-217.

87 See the details in The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1993, pp. 30-31.

88 The Arab Strategic Report 1993, previous reference, p. 258.

89 The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1993, pp. 204-205.

90 The Arab Strategic Report 1994, previous reference, pp. 266-267.

91 It must be noted that there have been constant efforts to amend the Kuwaiti constitution since 1981. It was then that the first attempt at amendment occurred when the government proposed a number of amendments discussed and rejected by the parliament. See the details in The Human Rights Report for the Year 1995, pp. 207, 208.

92 The Arab Strategic Report 1994, pp. 266, 267. Approval of the draft law was considered a victory for Islamic parliament members who view mixing of genders as opposed to Islamic Law and as leading to moral corruption. The Kuwait University Council expressed indignance, in a report published in newspapers, toward the insults directed by the parliament at some female and male students. An-Nahar newspaper, 6/12/1994.

93 See: Dr. Abdullah Khalifah Ah-Shayiji, The Seventh Kuwaiti Parliament, October 1992, previous reference, p.25. Public Interest Organizations, among them the Kuwaiti Organization for Human Rights, had published a report opposing in it the proposal for founding a religious association (literally meaning Command of the Known and Ban of the Unknown) due to that proposal’s overriding of legislative, executive, and judicial power. The report also expressed the extent to which this proposal is opposed to citizens’ liberties human rights and its interference with their private lives. See: The Human Rights Report in the Arab Nation for the Year 1994, pp. 204-205.

94 An-Nahar newspaper, 21/6/1995.

95 Dr. Abdullah Khalifah Ash-Shayiji, The Elections of the Seventh Kuwaiti Parliament October 1992,, Analysis and Results in Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies magazine, volume 72, 19th years, January 1994, p. 32.

96 Dr. Abdullah Khalifah Ash-Shayiji, The Distinctions of Kuwaiti Democracy, previous reference, p. 51.

97 This court hade been founded by Law no. 26 of 1969 and had enjoyed complete freedom, and its verdicts were final. The government made an amendment to its law after the liberation of Kuwait in accordance with Law no. 10 of 1991. See: details in the Human Rights Report for the Year 1996, pp. 221-222.

98 Abdullah Khalifah Ash-Shayiji, The Distinctions of Kuwaiti Democracy, previous reference, p. 37.

99 The Human Rights Report for the Year 1997, p. 179.

100 The Human Rights Report for the Year 1999, pp. 137, 138.

101 Ad-Dustour (Constitution) newspaper, 17/3/1999, p. 5.

102 See: Seminar organized by The Lebanese LBC in cooperation with the Media Administration in the Kuwaiti parliament and published by Ad-Dustour newspaper on 17/3/1999, pp. 10, 11.

103 Ad-Dustour (Constitution) newspaper, 14/7/1999, p. 16.

104 Ad-Dustour (Constitution) newspaper, 9/11/1999.

105 Al-Hayat newspaper, 26/10/1999, See: A Detailed Monitoring of the Crowd of Supporters and Opposition to the Decree of Women’s Political Rights, particularly in the Ar-Raii Al-Aam (Public Opinion) newspaper 21/11/1999. See also a detailed constitutional viewpoint of the issue in Ar-Raii Al-Aam 30/11/1999.

106 Supervisors have interpreted the indignant within the parliament against the decree granting women their political rights not as opposition to women’s rights as such but an opposition to the prince’s and the executive power’s resort issuing decrees as laws in the parliament’s absence as a legislative power. That is, the battle was one of defense of the parliament’s legislative right rather than that of the executive power. See: Dr. Mohamed Saeed Idriss, “Kuwaiti Woman’s Political Rights Depends on the Future of the Political Struggle” in Parliamentary Issues, volume 34, January 2000, p. 8. What confirms the previous fact regarding the opposition of decrees issued by the government in the parliament’s absence are the numerous interviews held with some parliament members such as the call of Hussein Mazeed Al-Matari for the government to withdraw the decrees to record a step in its interest that indicates its good intentions and enhances cooperation between it and the parliament in “Ad-Dustour, 22/9/1999, and the opinion of Acting Speaker of the House (Murziq Al-Hubeini) on the necessity of being subject to the parliament’s decision to accept or reject the decrees based on voting: Ad-Dustour 15/9/1999, p. 3.

107 Ad-Dustour, 15/10/1999.

108 See the announcement of either side: Ad-Dustour, 15/1999. p. 7.

109 Previous reference, p. 3.

110 Ad-Dustour (Constitution) newspaper, 29/3/2000.

111 See details in: Ar-Raii Al-Aam 20/10/1999.

112 Omar Bendoucou, “Parliament and Democracy in Morocco”, Review of local Moroccan Administration and the Development, No. 9, p. 25, 1999.

113 Omar Bendoucou, Ibid, p. 25.

114 Dr. Mohamed Mu’tassem: “The Moroccan Political and Constitutional System”, Dar Al-Baydaa, Isis for Publishing, first edition, 1992, p. 92.

115 Abdul Karim Ghallab: “Constitutional and Parliamentary Development in Morocco: 1908-1988”, Dar Al-Baydaa, the New An-Najah Printing House, first edition, pp. 229-235.

116 Abdul Karim Ghallab, previous reference, p. 257.

117 V. Chantebout, (B), “Constitutional Law and Political Science”, Economica, Paris, 1979, pp. 470-474.

118 This group consists of the following parties: The Socialist Party for the People’s Forces, The Independence Party, The Progress and Socialism Party, and the People’s Democratic Work Organization.

119 Ibrahim Asi’di: “Constitutional Development in Morocco and the Horizons of Political Reform”, The Government’s Issues magazine, volume 352, 1996, p. 13.

120 Dr. Jalal As-Saeed (Moroccan Speaker of Parliament) in an interview with Mr. Mahmoud Mouawad, Al-Ahram newspaper, volume 9 October 1996, p. 20.

121 Mohamed Wahwah: “The Moroccan Parliament until 1996: A Social Historical Study”, Diploma Research, Law Division, Arab Studies and Research Institute 1999, pp. 40-41.

122 Dr. Mohamed Mu’tassem, :previous reference, p. 100.

123 Dr. Mohamed Mu’tassem, previous reference, p. 101.

124 Abdul Karim Ghallab: “Constitutional and Parliamentary Development in Morocco, previous reference, pp. 259-260.

125 From Karem Yehya the London Al-Hayat newspaper, issue 21-3-1999.

126 The Report of the Arab Organization for Human Rights for the Year 1991, Alexandria, 1992. pp. 263-264.

127 The Report of the Arab Organization for Human Rights for the Year 1994, previous reference, p. 262.

128 The previous reference, p. 266.

129 The previous reference, p. 272.

130 The Report of the Arab Organization for Human Rights for the Year 1995, Alexandria, 1996, pp. 288-289.

131 The Report of the Arab Organization for Human Rights for the Year 1996, Alexandria, 1997, pp. 220-221.

132 The Report of the Arab Organization for Human Rights for the Year 1997, Alexandria, 1998, pp. 161-162.

133 Mohamed Ash-Sharqi, “The Moroccan Parliament Approves the Draft Law on the Investment Covenant”, the London Al-Hayat, issue 5-10-1995.

134 Karem Yehya, Interveiw witht eh Al-Arabi Al-Massari, London Al-Hayat, issue 21-3-1999.

135 Schemi (M). “The Legislative Statement of Affairs of the Chamber of Representatives: 1977-1983” in The Parliamentary Experience in Morocco, p. 154.

136 Aziza Hallak, “Morocco: The Yussefi Government and the Reform Workshops”, Ash-Shaab Al-Arabi (Arab People) magazine, London, 1999, p. 14.

137 Mohamed Hassan Al-Zahiri, “The Legislative Institution in Yemen” in Ahmad Al-Rashidi (editor), The Legislative Institution in the Arab World (Alexandria: Center for Political Studies and Research, 1997, pp. 556-558.

138 Previous reference, pp. 556-558.

139 Dr. Ahmad Al-Kabssi, the Government Regime in the Yemeni Republic (Sanaa: Markaz Al-Farran, third edition, 1998), pp. 54-55.

140 The previous reference, p. 55.

141 The previous reference, p. 308.

142 The previous reference, pp. 258-286.

143 The previous reference, pp. 308-309.

144 The previous reference, p. 309.

145 The previous reference, p. 56, p. 258, p. 286.

146 The previous reference, pp. 309-310 and also 255-256.

147 The previous reference, pp. 310-311.

148 The previous reference, pp. 310-311.

149 Iris Glauzmyer, “The First Yemeni Elections” in 1993: The Practice of Democracy in Dr. Abda Mahmoud Ash-Sharif (editor), Mahmoud As-Salahi and others (translator), Political Transformations in Yemen: Western Research and Studies 1990-1994, (Sanaa: The American Institute of Yemeni Studies, 1995), p. 142.

150 Ahmad Al-Kabssi, previous reference, pp. 249-251.

151 The previous reference, p. 47.

152 The previous reference, p. 222.

153 Mohamed Al-Zhahiri, previous reference, pp. 556-558, and Article 61 of the amended Constitution of the Yemeni Republic, 1994.

154 Article 62 of the constitution.

155 Dr. Ahmad Al-Kabssi, previous reference, 223.

156 The previous reference, pp. 223-224.

157 The previous reference, p. 47.

158 The previous reference, p. 48.

159 The previous reference, p. 48.

160 The previous reference, p. 225.

161 The previous reference, pp. 227-228.

162 Parliament, Parliamentary Councils in Yemen 1969-1997, (Sanaa: Parliament, 1998), p. 303.

163 Ahmad Al-Kabssi, previous reference, pp. 229-230.

164 The previous reference, p. 230.

165 The previous reference, p. 238.

166 The previous reference, p. 242.

167 The previous reference, p. 241.

168 The previous reference, pp. 242-243.

169 Mohamed Al-Zhahiri, previous reference, p. 558.

170 Parliament, previous reference, pp. 205-206.

171 Iris Glauzmyer, previous reference, p. 142.

172 Parliament, previous reference, p. 213.

173 The previous reference, pp. 219-220.

174 Mohamed Al-Zhahiri, previous reference, pp. 558-559.

175 Parliament, previous reference, p. 221.

176 26 September newspaper, (Sanaa, issue 748, 10/4/1997), “The Yemeni Parliaments Experience: From Immediate Fusion in the 1993 April elections to the Victory of Constitutional Legality.” The previous reference.

177 The previous reference.

178 Al-Hayat, (London, 12/8/1992), p. 1, 4, “The Yemeni Parliament Approves the Education Law and the Opposition Stirs the Public”.

179 The Parliament, previous reference, pp. 221-223. It is worth noting in this regard that there are numerous presidential decretal laws for the years 1991 and 1992 which have not been approved by the parliament but by the succeeding one (the 193 parliament). This is according to the reports of the parliament issued in the reference “The parliament: The Parliamentary Councils in Yemen 1969-1997”, (Sanaa: The Parliament, 1998), pp. 272-275. This is the main reference adopted regarding laws and decrees approved by the parliament.

180 The previous reference, p. 233.

181 The previous reference, pp. 233-234. See also Ash-Sharq (Middle East) newspaper (London, issue 5091, 5/11/1992), p.2. For further details see Al-Wassat (London: issue 70, 31/5/1993).

182 The previous reference, p. 234.

183 Dr. Abdul Qiwa Al-Ghaffari, Yemeni Unity, The Present and Future, (Sanaa: first edition, October 1997), pp. 211-214, Kitab Ath-Thawabit, a series published by Thawabit magazine, the tenth book.

184 The Arab Strategic Report 1992, (Alexandria: Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, 1993), p. 278.

185 For further details on the election results and the number of seats acquired by each party, see: Qaed Mohamed Tarboush, “Specifying the Number of Members in the Legislative Power and its Social and Political Structure in the Arab Countries with a Republican Regime”, Yemeni Studies, (Sanaa: Yemeni Center for Studies and Research, April-June, 1993, volume 50, p. 203).

186 The Parliament, previous reference, p. 253.

187 The Parliament, previous reference, pp. 253-254.

188 Mohamed Al-Zhahiri, previous reference, p. 566.

189 The Arab Strategic Report, 1995, (Alexandria: Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Al-Ahram, 1996), pp. 251-255.

190 Al-Wehda (Unity) newspaper, (issue 336, 12/3/1997), “Parliament members Performing the Parliaments’ Role in the Democratic Experience”.

191 Abdou Baaklini, op. cit., pp. 201-202 & pp 209-210.

192 Ibid, pp. 211, 212.

193 Al-Wehda (Unity) newspaper, issue 336, previous reference.

194 Al-Hayat, (London, 14/3/1997), p.4.

195 The Parliament, previous reference, pp. 272-275.

196 The previous reference, pp. 275-278.

197 Ahmad Al-Kabssi, previous reference, pp. 143-208.

198 The previous reference, pp. 143-208.

199 The Parliament, previous reference, p. 289.

200 Al-Mustaqilla (The Independent), (issue 264, 7 June 1997), p.5, “Parliament Members and Political Supervisors Monitor the Victories and Failures of the Yemeni Parliament”.

201 Abdou Baaklini, Op. Cit., pp. 206 & 217-218.

202 Ibid pp. 218-219.

203 Ahmad As-Sabki, previous reference, p. 246.

204 The previous reference, p. 246.